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Shreya Shrivastava
21/03/2024
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When we think about top Indian architects, names like Hafeez Contractor, Charles Correa, and Raj Rewal often come to mind, and rightfully so—they are brilliant minds in the field. However, amidst these renowned figures, what often goes unnoticed are names like Eulie Chowdhary, Sonali Rastogi, Anupama Kundoo, and many more.
Before India gained independence in 1947, its architecture was deeply influenced by a blend of indigenous styles, regional traditions, and colonial impositions, particularly British architectural norms. Pre-independence Indian architecture showcased a fusion of Mughal, Persian, Islamic, and indigenous elements, resulting in monuments and structures that reflected the cultural diversity and historical richness of the subcontinent. The story of Indian architecture primarily focuses on male figures, overlooking the crucial contributions of pioneering female architects and practitioners. This limited perspective, often shaped by geographical and socio-political biases, excludes diverse voices and experiences.
For far too long, the narrative of India's architectural history has been dominated by a singular perspective, often overlooking the significant contributions of women practitioners. And not much has changed to this date. In a recent exhibit at Biennale, Delhi, many surprising stats emerged. 60% of students in architecture schools are women, yet there are only 20% of women among practising architects. Out of all the Pritzker Prize winners, only 12% have been women and at last, there have been zero women presidents of the Council of Architecture. Slowly and steadily things are changing, but India is 75 years into being an independent country. How long will this change take?
Traditional gender roles have relegated women primarily to domestic spheres, limiting their opportunities for education and professional advancement. And yet often, despite spending their time majorly at home, they haven’t had the chance to design homes that often.
Despite these challenges, a cohort of pioneering women architects emerged in post-independence India, defying societal constraints and reshaping the architectural landscape of the nation. These iconic women architects, including figures like Sheila Sri Prakash, Brinda Somaya, and Revathi Kamath, made significant contributions to the field through their innovative designs, advocacy for sustainable practices, and dedication to social impact.
After Independence, newer perspectives came into play via women architects. Through their work, these pioneers challenged traditional gender roles and expanded the boundaries of architectural discourse, paving the way for future generations of women architects.
Didi Contractor, an iconic figure in Indian architecture, left a lasting mark on the landscape with her innovative and sustainable designs. Born in 1928, her architectural journey spanned over six decades, during which she championed eco-friendly construction techniques and celebrated the integration of local materials and traditions. Renowned for her earthy, vernacular style, Didi's creations seamlessly blended with the natural surroundings, embodying a harmonious relationship between the built environment and nature.
Eulie Chowdhury, a groundbreaking female architect, isn't widely recognized, but she made history as the only Indian woman on Le Corbusier's team designing Chandigarh's capital. After her education in Sydney, she forged ahead, blending her expertise to create innovative architectural concepts.
Despite her association with Corbusier, Eulie defined her unique architectural style and diverged from designing in exposed concrete, instead embracing brick brutalism. A notable example is the hostel block at Government Home Science College in Chandigarh. Here, Eulie's design exemplifies simplicity, minimalism, and economic viability. The exposed brickwork, accented with lime-washed details, enhances the building's aesthetic appeal.
Born into a family known for its engineering and building expertise, Perin J. Mistri is a lesser-known figure who made significant contributions to the modern architectural landscape of Bombay. Her father established the renowned architectural firm 'Mistri Bhedwar,' responsible for iconic landmarks such as the Art Deco masterpiece Metro cinema at Marine Lines and the historic HSBC bank building at Fort, among others.
Despite her distinguished architectural lineage, Perin's achievements remain relatively obscure. Unlike her more prominent father and brother, there is limited information available about her life and work. Nevertheless, it is clear that Perin played a substantial role in her family's architectural legacy and likely made noteworthy contributions to the field in her own right.
In a male-dominated industry, women architects often to this day encounter numerous challenges, including limited access to education and training, discriminatory hiring practices, unequal pay, and a lack of recognition for their contributions. Societal expectations regarding gender roles and family responsibilities further compounded these challenges, making it difficult for women to advance in their careers and achieve professional recognition. Despite these obstacles, some women architects persevered, demonstrating resilience and determination to succeed in a field that often marginalised their voices.
The integration of women into the field of architecture heralded a shift towards a more psychological and emotionally driven approach to design. This transformation imbued architecture with a heightened sense of practicality and functionality, as women increasingly recognised the importance of anthropometry and ergonomics in design. Beyond reshaping design principles, women also served as sources of inspiration and encouragement for aspiring young girls entering the field.
Abha Narain Lambah is a prominent figure in the field of architectural conservation in India. With a background in architecture and architectural conservation, she has dedicated her career to preserving and restoring India's rich architectural heritage. She is renowned for restoring India's UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as the Ajanta Caves, Golconda Fort, and Mahabodhi Temple, along with Mumbai's Victorian landmarks like Crawford Market and Royal Opera House. Her firm's exceptional work has earned 11 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation. Abha's work is characterised by a deep respect for history and a commitment to sustainable practices.
Her approach blends traditional craftsmanship with modern technology, ensuring that these historic buildings remain structurally sound while retaining their original character and charm. Lambah's work has not only revitalised these landmarks but has also sparked a renewed appreciation for India's architectural legacy.
With a rising number of women architects, this presence has also influenced architectural education, leading to a more inclusive and diverse educational environment. Architectural schools have begun to incorporate interdisciplinary perspectives, emphasising collaboration, critical thinking, and hands-on learning experiences. Women architects have played a crucial role in advocating for curriculum reform, promoting design education that reflects contemporary societal needs and challenges, and fostering greater diversity within the profession. This leads to broader design perspectives catering to a larger diversity, hence, design with a universal approach.
Revathi Kamath played a pivotal role in popularising mud architecture during the 1990s. Her architectural philosophy revolves around a holistic approach, considering human culture and civilization across various contexts. She utilised materials traditionally associated with India's marginalised communities to create luxury structures for resorts and affluent homeowners, all while actively engaging with underprivileged sections of society. This approach sparked a change in how architecture is perceived and discussed in society.
Kamath's work also contributed to the discourse on sustainability. She highlighted the sustainable practices of older generations, who utilised local resources and focused on reusing, reducing, and recycling. Through her work, vernacular architecture gained more attention and recognition.
One of her notable projects is the desert resort in Mandawa, which blends seamlessly with the desert landscape. Constructed using locally sourced materials, every aspect of the resort is meticulously handcrafted. The exteriors feature intricate traditional artwork created by the women of Mandawa, showcasing the region's rich culture and skilled craftsmanship. The resort stands as a testament to Kamath's innovative approach and commitment to integrating local communities and cultures into her architectural designs.
Sheila Sri Prakash is a prominent architect celebrated for her innovative designs and pioneering contributions to sustainable architecture. Her architectural vision is centred around creating sustainable, environmentally conscious designs that harmonise with their surroundings. Sri Prakash emphasises the importance of blending modern techniques with traditional wisdom, drawing inspiration from India's rich architectural heritage. She believes that architecture should not only be aesthetically pleasing but also functional, efficient, and environmentally responsible.
In the 21st century, India's architectural landscape has witnessed dynamic changes influenced by urbanisation, globalisation, and sustainability imperatives. Rapid urban growth, infrastructure development, and adaptive reuse of historic spaces characterise the architectural scene. Modern architects strive to blend innovation with cultural identity, creating sustainable, contextually relevant designs.
Sonali Rastogi is a renowned architect known for her philosophy deeply rooted in sustainability, contextuality, and innovation. She believes in creating designs that not only meet the present needs but also respect the environment and cultural context. Rastogi emphasises the integration of traditional wisdom with modern technology to create architecture that is both timeless and forward-thinking.
One of her recent projects, the Surat Diamond Bourse, has garnered significant attention. This building has become the face of Surat, known as the Diamond City. Rastogi's approach blends functionality, modernity and sustainability making history as the world's biggest office building.
Anupama Kundoo's architectural philosophy centres on the concept of "making buildings matter." She advocates for architecture as a catalyst for social change, prioritising sustainability, affordability, and human well-being. Kundoo's work often involves the fusion of traditional building techniques with contemporary technologies to create environmentally responsible and culturally sensitive structures.
One of Kundoo's notable projects is the "Wall House" in Auroville, India. This experimental dwelling utilises handmade bricks, ferrocement, and locally sourced materials to create a low-cost, energy-efficient home tailored to the tropical climate. The Wall House exemplifies Kundoo's dedication to exploring alternative construction methods and redefining conventional architectural norms.
Aishwarya Tipnis is renowned for her expertise in architectural conservation, restoration, and the adaptive reuse of heritage structures. Her portfolio includes a wide array of projects, ranging from historic buildings to urban precincts and cultural landscapes. Each project showcases her profound understanding of India's architectural heritage and cultural significance.
One of her notable projects involves the adaptive reuse of a haveli in Old Delhi. The project aims to repair and refurbish the historic structure while seamlessly integrating modern facilities, all while preserving its historic integrity.
Since India's independence, women architects have made significant contributions to the nation's architectural landscape, leaving a lasting impact on its built environment. Through innovative designs, sustainable practices, and a deep understanding of cultural contexts, women architects have transformed skylines and communities across India. Their architectural interventions reflect a fusion of tradition and modernity, addressing contemporary challenges while preserving India's rich architectural heritage.
Architecture possesses immense power, enduring longer than us individuals. It remains a timeless entity, continually resonating and leaving a profound and lasting impact on its surroundings.
Women architects in India serve as inspirational figures and role models for the next generation of architects. Through their leadership, mentorship, and advocacy for gender equality in the profession, they inspire young architects to pursue their passions and challenge societal norms. Their diverse perspectives and innovative approaches encourage aspiring architects to embrace creativity, sustainability, and social responsibility in their practice, shaping the future of Indian architecture.
As more women architects take centre stage in such events, their stories and achievements become powerful catalysts for change. Eventually, this shift will empower more emerging women architects to pursue their dreams and contribute to the field.
The world of architecture has traditionally been a male-dominated field. In the years following independence, opportunities for women in this profession were scarce. Recognition for their achievements was even rarer. However, with time and perseverance, women architects have begun to break down these barriers and claim their rightful place in shaping the built environment.
A Pioneering Accomplishment: Zaha Hadid and the Pritzker Prize
The prestigious Pritzker Prize, often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Architecture," serves as a testament to this progress. In 2004, Zaha Hadid became the first woman to be awarded this coveted prize, a landmark achievement that highlighted the immense talent and vision of female architects. Her iconic designs, characterised by bold curves and dynamic forms, are a lasting legacy in the architectural world.
Celebrating Excellence: Awards Recognizing Women's Contributions
While the Pritzker Prize shines a spotlight on exceptional individual achievement, other initiatives recognize the broader contributions of women in architecture and design. Programs like the WADe Asia Women in Design Architecture Award, established in 2016, specifically celebrate the accomplishments of women and document their growing influence in the field. This award, alongside others like the Aga Khan Award for Architecture and the Institute of Indian Architects (IIA) Awards, demonstrates a shift in focus, acknowledging the vital role women play in shaping our communities and spaces.
Breaking Barriers, One Award at a Time
The recognition doesn't stop there. Many women architects have paved the way and achieved remarkable success in the field. Anna Haringer received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2007 for a school in Bangladesh. This project not only showcased the skills of local craftsmen but also promoted creative learning for children. Heringer's approach emphasises sustainability and has been lauded for its exemplary practices. Another recent example that stands out is the Community Spaces in Rohingya Refugee Response by Khwaja Fatmi. The project talks about creating a safe cyclone-resistant space for women and girls which offers practical support through a facility for women's handmade products, and community support centres. Similarly, the Institute of Indian Architects (IIA) Awards have also seen a growing number of women architects being recognised for their outstanding achievements in various categories.
Despite these strides forward, the path towards gender parity in architecture remains ongoing. While awards and recognition programs celebrate the achievements of women who have broken through, there's still a significant gap in representation within the field as a whole. Together, we can continue to break down barriers and pave the way for a future where women architects are recognised and celebrated for their significant contributions to the world of architecture.
In recent decades, India has witnessed a significant transformation in gender dynamics, with women increasingly playing pivotal roles in almost every industry. The transformation of Indian women in the 21st century has been a significant and multifaceted journey, marked by social, economic, and cultural shifts. This journey is marked by increased education, workforce participation, and political representation and advocating for equality and empowerment. This shift is exemplified by these changes:
Focusing on Community-Centric Design: Women architects in India often have a unique perspective that emphasises community-centric design. They are known for designing spaces that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and inclusive. Women architects prioritise the needs of the community and strive to create spaces that promote social interaction, inclusivity, and well-being. Sandhya Naidu Janardhan, the managing director of Community Design Agency focuses on projects with community-led designs. The Sanjaynagar Slum Redevelopment Project is a great example that focuses on diversity and a strong-knit community.
Diverse Perspectives: Women bring unique perspectives to architectural design, enriching the profession with their creativity and sensitivity. Their designs often emphasise sustainability, inclusivity, and community engagement, reflecting a holistic approach to architecture that considers social, cultural, and environmental factors.
Pravina Mehta, a socially committed urban planner in India, addressed housing disparities by promoting egalitarian values notably the Navi Mumbai Urban planning. She designed housing facilities with attention to social and psychological factors, catering to diverse lifestyles. Drawing from India's rich heritage, Pravina integrated traditional art forms into contemporary architecture, aiming to express cultural richness and create inclusive spaces for all.
Empowerment Through Education: The increasing access to education has empowered women to pursue careers in architecture. More architecture schools are encouraging female students, providing mentorship, and creating a supportive environment for their growth, leading to a more diverse and inclusive architectural community. Revathi Kamath, despite her massive success as an architect, dedicated time to educating young minds as a faculty member in the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi.
Beyond Form Follows Function: The bricks and mortar of architecture traditionally rest on a foundation of formal education. But one such veteran's contribution proved that groundbreaking design can be built on vision and consciousness, not just fancy architectural degrees. Expanding on this concept--a prime example is Didi Contractor. This American-born architect, who passed away in 2021, carved her own path in the Kangra Valley of India. Unconstrained by traditional architectural training, Contractor embraced a self-taught approach, focusing on vernacular materials and sustainable building practices.
While progress has been made, there is still a need for continued support and recognition for women in the field of architecture. According to the Council of Architecture in India, out of over 58,000 registered architects, women comprise only 44%, with a mere 0.72% actively practising in architectural firms and design studios.
So what are the focus areas that need work to help curate a space that truly takes women into account?
Equal Opportunities: Despite advancements, women in architecture still face challenges in accessing equal opportunities for career growth and professional development. Addressing gender biases in hiring practices and promoting equal pay for equal work are essential steps toward gender equality in the profession.
Mentorship and Networking: Providing mentorship and networking opportunities can help women architects connect with industry leaders, gain valuable insights, and navigate the challenges of the profession. Mentorship programs can also inspire and empower the next generation of female architects.
Work-Life Balance: Balancing work and personal life can be challenging for women in architecture, especially for those with caregiving responsibilities. Flexible work arrangements and supportive workplace policies can help women architects maintain a healthy work-life balance and continue to thrive in their careers.
Promoting Diversity and Inclusion: Creating a more diverse and inclusive architectural profession benefits everyone. By promoting diversity in design teams, architectural firms can foster creativity, innovation, and a deeper understanding of the diverse needs of society.
As we reflect on the incredible contributions of these visionary women architects to India's architectural landscape, it's also important to explore interior architecture that brings warmth to spaces. The historical evolution of Indian interiors is intricately woven with the evolving role of women in society. Traditionally, interior design was primarily a domestic concern, overseen by women who managed the household and created functional and culturally significant spaces. Regional styles, influenced by climate, materials, and cultural practices, flourished across the subcontinent.
In Mughal India (1526-1857), women played a crucial role in crafting opulent living spaces. They oversaw the selection of textiles, carpets, and decorative objects, creating vibrant and luxurious interiors in palaces and elite homes. Women of all social classes were skilled in embroidery, weaving, and other crafts, imbuing their homes with personal touches and cultural motifs.
The 20th century witnessed a significant shift with the rise of professional interior design in India. While women were initially underrepresented in the field, pioneers like Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay (1903-1987) emerged, advocating for the preservation of India's rich craft heritage and its integration into modern design. Later designers like Sunita Kohli (1937-present) made significant contributions. Kohli, a Padma Shri awardee (1992), established her design firm in 1971 and has since garnered international acclaim for her work. She is known for her innovative use of traditional Indian crafts in contemporary settings and her commitment to creating timeless and elegant interiors.
Today, women are at the forefront of Indian interior design. They are reinterpreting traditional elements for contemporary living, embracing sustainable practices, and pushing the boundaries of design innovation.
Designers like Shabnam Gupta are leading the way, creating spaces that are not just aesthetically pleasing but also socially conscious and responsive to the needs of a changing society. Renowned for her innovative utilisation of indigenous materials and vibrant design approach, she epitomises the transformative influence of contemporary women in Indian interior design.
One of the principles of interior design discipline is its ability to create a sense of place, evoking a specific mood or atmosphere that resonates with the occupants. This is particularly evident in the work of women architects like Brinda Somaya, who seamlessly blend traditional Indian design elements with contemporary sensibilities to create spaces that are both timeless and culturally resonant. Their ability to weave stories through design fosters a deep connection between the user and the space.
Interior design extends far beyond aesthetics. Take, for example, Zaha Hadid's set design for Chanel's Spring 2012 show. Her futuristic, seashell-inspired runway perfectly complemented the collection's aquatic theme, showcasing how interiors can create a truly immersive experience.
Zaha Hadid's set design for Chanel's Spring 2012 show featured a futuristic, seashell-inspired runway that complemented the collection's aquatic theme. The fluid lines and sculptural elements of the set echoed Hadid's architectural style, creating a stunning backdrop for the runway presentation.
Similarly, Asha Sairam's design for Masti, Dubai, exemplifies how women designers are shaping the future of Indian aesthetics on a global stage. This restaurant avoids clichés, offering a vibrant and international take on Indian culture. By blending brand identity, food, and ambience, Studio Lotus created a space that celebrates its heritage through modern interpretations of traditional crafts, resulting in a design that's both innovative and respectful.
The field of interior architecture and design is constantly evolving, with women designers at the forefront of this exciting movement. Designers like Brinda Somaya, Asha Sairam, and countless others are pushing boundaries, exploring sustainability, and crafting spaces that are not only functional but also tell a unique story.
From pioneering figures who defied societal constraints to emerging talents who continue to push boundaries, these women have transformed the architectural landscape. Despite facing challenges and barriers, they have left a lasting impact, inspiring future generations and enriching India's architectural legacy. As we celebrate their achievements, it is evident that the narrative of Indian architecture is incomplete without recognizing the invaluable contributions of these visionary women.
Explore More About Architecture
- Did this article spark any questions for you? Author Shreya has also written another stirring piece on top 10 earthen architecture techniques still being practised in India today.
- Did you know architecture has been increasingly used to create a more immersive and cohesive brand experience, blurring the lines between architecture and branding. Read more to find out how.
- If you are aspiring to become an interior designer, here’s a comprehensive article on what to expect from an interior design course.
- Check out this comprehensive webinar conducted by IIAD on designing a portfolio for an interior design course.
- Don’t know the difference between interior architecture and architecture degree! You’re just in the right place. Read this to find out more.
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